Make Hot Ice - Heating Pad Chemistry

Heres an easy chemistry project you can do in which you take a clear liquid and instantaneously solidify it into hot ice. It isnt water ice, however. This is how you make crystals of sodium acetate, which is used in hand warmers and chemical heating pads and hot packs. Hot Ice Materials sodium acetatewatersaucepanglass or pan Making Your Own Sodium Acetate Monohydrate If you dont have any sodium acetate monohydrate you can make your own. Add baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) to vinegar (weak acetic acid) until the mixture stops fizzing. This will give you an aqueous solution of sodium acetate. If you boil off the water, youll be left with the sodium acetate. Expect to use a lot of baking soda and vinegar if you go this route. Make the Hot Ice What you are going to do is make a supersaturated sodium acetate solution. The solution will remain a supercooled liquid until a little solid sodium acetate is introduced. This will cause rapid crystallization that will resemble a block of ice, except it will be hot to the touch and not edible. Dump some sodium acetate monohydrate into a saucepan.Add just enough water to dissolve the sodium acetate.Heat the solution to just below its boiling point.Stir in more sodium acetate. Keep stirring and adding sodium acetate until you start to see solid material accumulating at the bottom of the pan.Pour the hot solution into a glass or other container. Do not allow any of the undissolved solid to enter the container.Cool the solution in the refrigerator 30 minutes to an hour.Remove the solution from the refrigerator. As long as you didnt leave any solid sodium acetate in the solution, it should still be liquid.When you are ready to make ice introduce a little of the solid sodium acetate. You could dip a toothpick or the edge of a spoon in sodium acetate powder.The crystallization will evolve heat (exothermic reaction), making the solid feel hot to the touch (~130Â ° F). Hot Ice Trick You dont have to solidify the sodium acetate in a dish. You can crystallize it as the solution is being poured to make fantastic shapes.

Essay about Against Standardized Testing - 2262 Words

There seems to be a dilemma in the educational system. In order to receive funding, a school system has to test its students annually. These tests are supposed to measure the progress of the students and the school system. But what is really measured with these scores? What do they really mean? Should children be tested as frequently as they are? And most importantly, should the ability to pass on to another grade or to graduate from high school be based on only one test? With so many questions arising from these tests, the answer is to take a stand against them. Perhaps a brief history will provide a better understanding of the standardized testing system. In the 1980’s, the National Governors Association pushed for states to†¦show more content†¦Third graders are already feeling the strain of these tests, and they have barely begun their education and the tests that are sure to come with it. The road to high school, graduation, college, and a job is now paved with tests. If third graders are burnt out, how are they going to do well on the tests that are to come? If we have already tested kids so much by the third grade that they are crying, this should say something. Sure, that school will get its funding, but at what price to its students? Unfortunately, largely due to the enormous success of such tests in Texas, the push has not let up. The state has been made an example. The Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills has apparently shown an increase in students’ scores. However, the same CNN documentary reported that in Austin High School, of the 9th grade class made up of 1,160 students, less than 300 of them were in 10th grade the following year (Quindlen 1). It has been reported that kids are purposely held back so that their performance won’t bring down the tests that are to be administered the next year. Two things strike me here. First of all, it is intolerable that children are held back solely because their school does not want to perform lower on the standardized test. In that instance, standardized testing has jeopardized a student’s future and that student hasn’t even had to takeShow MoreRelatedEssay about Arguing Against Standardized Testing2407 Words   |  10 PagesTo many students standardized testing has become another part of schooling that is dreaded. Standardized testing has been a part of school since the nineteen-thirties; in those days it was used as a way to measure students that had special needs. Since the time that standardized test have been in American schools there has been many programs that have placed an importance on the idea of standardized testing such as the No Child Le ft Behind Act of 2001 (Evans 1). 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It has become a test that allows extreme pressure to be placed on the teachers, the district and the students that have to take these tests.Many people argue about the importance of the test, that it doesnt show the progress of the student throughout the school year, and that is only one of the many reasons people think thatRead MoreEssay on Standardized Testing a Failure in Education1335 Words   |  6 PagesStandardized testing scores proficiencies in most generally accepted curricular areas. The margin of error is too great to call this method effective. â€Å"High test scores are generally related to things other than the actual quality of education students are receiving† (Kohn 7). â€Å"Only recently have test scores been published in the news-paper and used as the primary criteria for judging children, teachers, and schools.†(2) Standardized testing is a great travesty impose d upon the American Public School

Martin Luther King Jr. And Malcolm X Essay Example For Students

Martin Luther King Jr. And Malcolm X Essay Martin Luther King Jr. And Malcolm X Essay Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X grew up in different environments.King was raised in a comfortable middle-class family where education was stressed.On the other hand, Malcolm X came from and underprivileged home. He was a self-taught man who received little schooling and rose to greatness on his own intelligence and determination.Martin Luther King was born into a family whose name in Atlanta was well established.Despite segregation, Martin Luther Kings parents ensured that their child was secure and happy. Malcolm X was born on May 19, 1925 and was raised in a completely different atmosphere than King, an atmosphere of fear and anger where the seeds of bitterness were planted.The burning of his house by the Klu Klux Klan resulted in the murder ofhis father.His mother later suffered a nervous breakdown and his family split up. He was haunted by this early nightmare for most of his life.From then on, he was driven by hatred and a desire for revenge. The early backgrounds of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King were largely responsible for the distinct different responses to American racism.Both men ultimately became towering icons of contemporary African-American culture and had a great influence on black Americans.However, King had a more positive attitude than Malcolm X, believing that through peaceful demonstrations and arguments, blacks will be able to someday achieve full equality with whites.Malcolm Xs despair about life was reflected in his angry, pessimistic belief that equality is impossible because whites have no moral conscience. King basically adopted on an equality philosophy, whereby he felt that blacks and whites should be united and live together in peace.Malcolm X, however, promoted nationalist and separatist doctrines.For most of his life, he believed that only through revolution and force could blacks attain their rightful place in society. Both X and King spread their message through powerful, hard-hitting speeches.Nevertheless, their intentions were delivered in different styles and purposes. King was basically a peaceful leader who urged non-violence to his followers. He travelled about the country giving speeches that inspired black and white listeners to work together for racial harmony. (pg. 135, Martin Luther King Jr. and the Freedom Movement) Malcolm X, for the most part, believed that non-violence and integration was a trick by the whites to keep blacks in their places.He was furious at white racism and encouraged his followers through his speeches to rise up and protest against their white enemies.After Malcolm X broke away from Elijah Mohammed, this change is reflected in his more moderate speeches. Malcolm X and Martin Luther Kings childhoods had powerful influences on the men and their speeches.Malcolm X was brought up in an atmosphere of violence.During his childhood, Malcolm X suffered not only from abuse by whites, but also from domestic violence.His father beat his mother and both of them abused their children.His mother was forced to raise eight children during the depression.After his mother had a mental breakdown, the children were all placed in foster homes. Malcolm Xs resentment was increased as he suffered through the ravages of integrated schooling.Although an intelligent student who shared the dream of being a lawyer with Martin Luther King, Malcolm Xs anger and disillusionment caused him to drop out of school.He started to use cocaine and set up a burglary ring to support his expensive habit.Malcolm Xs hostility and promotion of violence as a way of getting change was well established in his childhood. Martin Luther King lived in an entirely different environment.He was a smart student and skipped two grades before entering an ivy league college at only the age of 15. He was the class valedictorian with an A average.King paraded his graduation present in a new green Chevrolet before his fellow graduates.He was raised in the perfect environment where dreams and love were generated.King and Xs childhoods are a study in polarity.(pg. 254, Reflecting Black) Passion EssayS only helped the rich to become richer by exploiting the poor. Therefore, he was interested in reforming the American political economy to abolish black poverty and discrimination. Malcolm X was similar to King in many ways. Malcolm also was a great leader of the civil rights movement. Malcolm wanted discrimination and segregation to end. Malcolm had always suffered because of his red .

The Cathedral Essays - Glass Production, Stained Glass, Windows

The Cathedral The outside, west fa?ade of St. John's Cathedral is extravagantly decorated. From the large sculptures, right down to the sets of doors, the detail of the work is majestic. You feel that you are an insignificant person while admiring all of the years of hard work that was put in to build this cathedral. Many of the outer sculptures around the main sets of doors are more contemporary. One sculpture shows a bus falling off a bridge and another shows a birth of a child. Another contemporary issue that wouldn't be seen on cathedrals such as Notre Dame is the depiction of pilgrims and Indians sharing food above the main entrance. All this works leads you to believe that the inside will just be as lavish as the outside. The outside fa?ade puts you into a mentality that what you are about to enter is going to be of great mass. I was surprised by the coldness of the inside. As I entered I didn't see the intricate detail that encrusted the outside of the cathedral. I peered down the long corridor lined by columns the size of redwood forest trees, to see the altar many, many yards in front of me. I looked up to see the cross-ribbed vaults connecting to the columns. I feel that the outside of the building tricked me into believing that the inside would be as beautiful. The only part of the inside that was beautifully done with great detail was the stained glass that adorned the walls. The large round stained glass window on the west wall, seen from the interior grabbed my attention from the very beginning. The six-foot figure of Jesus Christ in the center looks small compared to the size of the entire window. As you pass all of the grand pillars you come to an opening where the old architecture melds with the new. The rough uncut stone flows into the softer cut stone as if the building was rebuilt into the old building.